Why GPS makes distances bigger than they are   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Peter Ranacher  Richard Brunauer  Wolfgang Trutschnig  Stefan Van der Spek  Siegfried Reich 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(2):316-333

Global navigation satellite systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most important sensors for movement analysis. GPS is widely used to record the trajectories of vehicles, animals and human beings. However, all GPS movement data are affected by both measurement and interpolation errors. In this article we show that measurement error causes a systematic bias in distances recorded with a GPS; the distance between two points recorded with a GPS is – on average – bigger than the true distance between these points. This systematic ‘overestimation of distance’ becomes relevant if the influence of interpolation error can be neglected, which in practice is the case for movement sampled at high frequencies. We provide a mathematical explanation of this phenomenon and illustrate that it functionally depends on the autocorrelation of GPS measurement error (C). We argue that C can be interpreted as a quality measure for movement data recorded with a GPS. If there is a strong autocorrelation between any two consecutive position estimates, they have very similar error. This error cancels out when average speed, distance or direction is calculated along the trajectory. Based on our theoretical findings we introduce a novel approach to determine C in real-world GPS movement data sampled at high frequencies. We apply our approach to pedestrian trajectories and car trajectories. We found that the measurement error in the data was strongly spatially and temporally autocorrelated and give a quality estimate of the data. Most importantly, our findings are not limited to GPS alone. The systematic bias and its implications are bound to occur in any movement data collected with absolute positioning if interpolation error can be neglected.  相似文献   

Discussion on applying an analytical method to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters for underground water pipelines in seasonally frozen areas     

Ji Chen  JingYi Zhao  Kun Li  Yu Sheng 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(6):467-476

Adopting the quasi-three-dimensional (Quasi-3D) numerical method to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters of an underground pipeline usually involves heavy numerical calculations. Here, the fitting formulae between the safe conveyance distance (SCD) of a water pipeline and six influencing factors are established based on the lowest water temperature (LWT) along the pipeline axis direction. With reference to the current widely used anti-freeze design approaches for underground pipelines in seasonally frozen areas, this paper first analyzes the feasibility of applying the maximum frozen penetration (MFP) instead of the mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) and soil water content (SWC) to calculate the SCD. The results show that the SCD depends on the buried depth if the MFP is fixed and the variation of the MAGST and SWC combination does not significantly change the SCD. A comprehensive formula for the SCD is established based on the relationships between the SCD and several primary influencing factors and the interaction among them. This formula involves five easy-to-access parameters: the MFP, buried depth, pipeline diameter, flow velocity, and inlet water temperature. A comparison between the analytical method and the numerical results based on the Quasi-3D method indicates that the two methods are in good agreement overall. The analytic method can be used to optimize the anti-freeze design parameters of underground water pipelines in seasonally frozen areas under the condition of a 1.5 safety coefficient.  相似文献   

砒砂岩区地貌形态三维分形特征量化及空间变异   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张传才  秦奋  王海鹰  李宁  李阳 《地理科学》2016,36(1):142-148

针对现有地貌形态三维分形模型结构存在的不足,构建一个新的地貌形态三维分形维数测算模型。基于该模型对砒砂岩区274个小流域的地貌形态三维分形维数进行计算并分析其空间变异规律。研究表明：① 基于该模型计算的分形维数能更准确地反映地貌形态复杂度信息;② 砒砂岩区小流域地貌形态三维分形维数介于1.683 6~1.948 6之间;③ 地貌形态三维分形维数整体上覆土砒砂岩区（均值为1.765 9）<裸露砒砂岩强度侵蚀区（均值为1.785 4）和剧烈侵蚀区（均值为1.774 8）<覆沙砒砂岩区（均值为1.796 6）。由于地表覆盖物、砒砂岩裸露程度和土壤侵蚀机理的差异而形成的不同地貌特征是该区地貌形态分形特征空间变异的主要原因。  相似文献   

Effects of initial step height on the headcut erosion of bank gullies: a case study using a 3D photo-reconstruction method in the dry-hot valley region of southwest China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Baojun Zhang  Zhengan Su  Dan Yang  Yifan Dong  Liang Xiao 《自然地理学》2016,37(6):409-429

Abstract

Headcut erosion has been recognized as one of the main processes involved in gully development in the dry-hot valley region of southwest China. To examine the effect of initial step height on headcut erosion processes, three headcuts were constructed ranging in height from 0.75 to 1.25 m on an active bank gully head, and a series of scouring experiments were conducted under a flow discharge of 120 L min^?1. The morphological evolutions of the plunge pools and soil loss volume were estimated by three-dimensional photo-reconstruction methods (3D-PR). As the step height increased, the experimental results showed that: (1) the transformed potential energy and shear stress would increase by approximately 4.89 J s^?1 and 26.4 Pa on average when the step height increased 0.25 m; (2) the mean depth and width of the plunge pool exhibited obvious growth, and the morphology of the cross-section developed from approximately V-shaped to U-shaped; and (3) soil loss volume increased logarithmically, with total soil loss volumes of 0.076, 0.105 and 0.116 m³, respectively. Although the significant effects of the initial step height on headcut erosion were verified, further quantitative studies are required to quantify the mechanism of headcut erosion, especially for plunge pool erosion.  相似文献   

面向地震应急准备的居民地遥感提取及量化分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

李金香  李亚芳  李帅  王伟  陈勇 《地理科学》2016,36(11):1743-1750

运用灰度共生矩阵、数学形态学等方法提取新疆新源地区高分一号2 m分辨率影像居民地信息,运用目视解译、影像叠加分析、缓冲区分析等方法,进行居民地量化分级,为地震应急准备提供数据支持。结果表明：研究区在地震烈度为Ⅷ度及以下区域,埋压主要集中在单层结构为主的建筑区;当地震烈度高于Ⅷ度且造成多层建筑大面积倒塌时,县城等人口密集区为首要救援区;在地震应急准备时,应对交通条件三等区和交通条件四等区重点关注,增加应急物资储备点,对山区居民地,应考虑道路毁坏情况,转换救援方式,做好应急预案。  相似文献   

山东沾化凹陷孤岛油田馆上段浅水湖泊沉积   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王蛟 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2007,37(3):500-505

综合研究钻井、古生物和测井资料,认为孤岛油田新近系馆陶组上段馆1 2砂层组沉积时期发育浅水湖泊而非单一的河流相沉积。浅水湖泊湖盆地形平坦,湖面广阔,水体极浅;湖区受气候影响,湖平面频繁振荡式升降变化;沉积物多表现为氧化、还原环境交替的红灰相间的细粒沉积物;湖泊沉积构造发育,生物富集,水进→水退沉积旋回性明显。通过取心井的观察描述和分析化验,识别出水道砂坝、砂坪、混合坪、泥坪和沼泽5种沉积微相类型,建立了孤岛油田馆1 2砂层组浅水湖泊沉积模式。  相似文献   

考虑参数误差的3维空间直线不确定性模型     

张国芹  钱靖宇  朱长青  任留成 《测绘科学技术学报》2007,24(5):357-360

由于线元上任一点坐标的误差不仅受端点误差的影响,还会受到长度误差的影响,故不确定性模型要考虑各种影响位置精度的参数误差,对3维空间直线不确定性模型作了进一步研究.不但考虑了端点误差的影响,还顾及了长度误差的影响,使模型在理论上更为严密.理论和实验研究表明,长度误差影响了直线方向的精度.  相似文献   

含交叉断层的复杂地质体3维建模算法研究     

李静静  陈健  卢新明  王小花 《测绘科学技术学报》2007,24(3):219-222

在矿井生产中,出现交叉断层的区域往往是地质构造非常复杂的地方,也是危险高发的区域.对含交叉断层的3维地质建模的算法进行了研究.其主要思想是分别建立岩层和断层的TIN模型,以断层交线作为约束条件,进行带约束三角剖分,从而建立起交叉断层模型.这将有利于矿山的工程管理,减少危险的发生,作为后续采矿生产的依据.  相似文献   

边界虚拟钻孔在复杂地质体3维建模中的引入与确定   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王润怀  李永树 《测绘学报》2007,36(4):468-475

在矿山复杂地质体3维建模中,由于数据缺乏致使模型难以控制地质体空间边界特征,直接影响到模型的准确性和实用价值。借助边界虚拟钻孔方法来增加复杂地质体边界数据点密度,从而有效控制3维形体的边界,在一定程度上能缓解这一问题。以地层受断层破坏为例,分别就地层与断层4种典型空间分布组合特征下边界虚拟钻孔的确定方法进行研究,提出相应解决方案。边界虚拟钻孔和普通钻孔在数据存储方式、数据结构和表达方式等方面具有一致性,可用类似的处理方式,因而可以加快3维地质建模,提高建模精度。  相似文献   

城市地下空间三维地籍的建立   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘敏  黄铎 《测绘科学》2007,32(5):154-155,102

随着城市建设中地下空间的开发,传统的二维地籍已难以满足地籍管理在三维方向上的扩展,迫切需要利用三维地籍对地下空间进行数据管理和空间确权。本文基于地下空间开发中各类地物的空间特征,首先从三维自然特性与法律特性两个方面建立了三维地籍的概念,并进而阐述了三维地籍数据模型以及二维地籍与三维地籍的一体化数据管理方法。  相似文献